Indonesia Raya Tourism

Komodo National Park ( KNP )was established in march 6th 1980 and designated as A Man and Biosphere Reserve in 1986.Also as a world heritage site in 1991 by UNESCO.Administratively the Park is in Komodo sub Distric West Manggarai Regency –East Nusa Tenggara –Province – INDONESIA.Geographically ,It laid between Flores Island ( East Nusa Tenggara ) and Sumbawa island ( West Nusa Tenggara )

Komodo National Park covers about 173.300 hectares consisting of 40.728 hectares of land and 132.572 hectares of sea. There are three largest islands namely: Komodo island is 33.937 hectares, Rinca island is 19.627 hectares and Padar island is 2.017 hectares .Most of it’s topography is mountainous with the highest peak is Stalibo at 735 m asl.

The weather is dry with average annual rainfall of 500 – 1000 mm.
Rainy season occurs during January – April. Compared to the other Region in Indonesia, Komodo National Park supports a limited number of wild plant and animal species. Only the species which could adaptation to dry environment that will survive. It could only by found about 244 species of terrestrial plants and 16 species of amphibians.

About 70% of the park covers by savanna vegetation dominated by grass , such as setaria adhaerens , chloris –barbota and hetropogon confortus. Also presence of Lontar ( berassus flabellifer), and bidara ( zizypus jujube ) Beside savanna you also found moonson forest,cloudy mountain forest and mangrove forest.

Coral reef of the Park is one of the most beautiful coral reef of the world – a great number and variety of fishes ( more than 1000 species ) corals ( 260 species ),sponge (70 species and other invertebrates could be found in many sites of this park. Species of corals in the park such as acropora spp, favites, sp leptoria sp ( brain copral ),fungia sp ( mushroom coral ),sarcophyton sp and xenia ( soft coral ) beside that you can also watch many species of gorgonians , sea fans ,sea pens anemones with crown fish, star fish, christmast tree worms, clams ( tridacna sp ) crabs, etc.
The examples of coral fish is butterfly fishes, angle fishes, lion fishes, scorpion fishes, damsel fishes, groupers, moray, wrasse, etc.

Komodo National Parkl is being home for other wild animals like : Timor deer,( cervus timorensis ) wild buffalo ( buballus buballis ), wild horses ( equus sp ) and long tailed macaque ( macaca – fascicularis ) Numerous of birds such as Lesser - sulphur –crested – cockatoo,, ( cacatua sulphurea parvula ), Colared king fisher ( Halcyon chloris ) Timor – helmeted friard bird ( philemon buceroides Neglectus ) and orange – footed scrub – foul ( megapodius reinwartd )

On the coastal zone and sea area you could see many species of sea birds such as Reef heron ( egreta sacra sacra ),giant heron ( Ardea sumatsana) ,Bridledtera ( sterna anacthetus ) and black napped tern ( S.sumatrana mathewsi).Also be found raptors sudas white headed kite ( haliastur Indus ),White goshawk ( Accipiter novaehollandine sylvestris ),white bellied sea- eagle ( Haliaeetus leucogaster ) little falcon ( Falcologiperis hanieli ) and fish hawk ( Padion haliaetes ) On the off shore,You also could be found Blue whale ( Balenoptera Musculus ),Minke whale ( B.acustorostrata ) Dolphins cgrampus griseus,stenella longirostris,S.attenuata , Steno brendanensis,Peponocephala electra,and Delphinus delphis. Two species of sea turtle that founded are common green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) Manta Rays ( Manta birostris ) also live in the Park.

1. Basic Facts.
The first encounter and written by JKH VAN STEYN in 1911. Scientific identification of VARANUS KOMODOENSIS by P.A OUWENS in 1912.
When frightened, Komodo dragons can run up to 18 km / h for short distances. Usually they run at a slower pace of 8 – 10 km / h. Large dragons usually weigh up to 90 kg ( 198 pounds ) The largest Komodo dragon ever measured weighed 195.9 kilograms ( 365 pounds ) but this might be because its belly was of food. It is too difficult to tell difference between male and female dragons without checking for a special scale pattern that males have on their underside at the base of their tale However , one way to tell the difference in fully grown animals is that very large dragons are usually male.
The largest recorded Komodo dragon length is 3.13 meters ( 10 feet 2 inches ).Female Komodo dragons rarely grow over 2.5 meters ( 7 feet 6 inches ) in length.
Komodo dragons remain large because there are no other large predators to compete with. Scientists believe that komodo dragons can live up to 50 years, maybe longer. Komodo dragons can swim at lest 500 meters. However, they become sluggish in the water because the water cools their body temperature down. The young dragons spend most of their time on the trees but dragons over 1.5 meters long can not climb well .Dragons over 2 meters long are too heavy to climb the trees.
Komodo dragon are cold – blooded, they are constantly regulating their body temperature. In the early morning, they must warm – up their body in the sun. If their body temperature drops too low, the food in their stomach can rot and cause regurgitation or even death. However, Komodo dragon’s body temperature must not exceed 42 degrees Celsius ( 108 degrees Fahrenheit ).When it is too hot, they have to rest and seek shade to prevent their body from over – heating. Dragons are most active from 6 to 10 am in the morning and again from 3 to 5pm in the afternoon. During the rainy season, Komodo dragons stay in the burrows if they are too cold. Komodo dragons sleep at night because it is usually too cool for them to be active. They will sleep where they will not loose to much heat. They sleep at the edge of the savanna and monsoon forest, or in burrows. The average sleeping burrow is only 75cm to 1.25m in length. The Komodo dragons will use the burrows of rodents. Palm civets, wild boar, porcupine ( on Flores ) and those made by other Komodo dragons. Nesting burrows, on the other hand, are about two meters long.

2. Population and Habitat.
Komodo dragons are only found in Komodo, Rinca, Gilli Motang and a small part of northern and western Flores. They are recently extinct in Padar. They are not exist any where else on earth.
Komodo dragons need protection as they are considered endangered due to their extremely limited range. Komodo dragons are thought to have live over a larger area but may have been forced out of other island due to human population pressures. As well, the formations of the islands are always changing over time. May be it is difficult for them to cross the water now because too strong currents and wider water crossing.
Dragons can be found almost everywhere on Komodo and Rinca. They can be found in the monsoon forest, in the savanna, on the beach, on the mangrove swamps and in burrows. Sometimes the younger ones are found in the trees. The Komodo dragon’s range is mostly from sea level of 450m above sea level. Komodo dragons surveys taken in the year 2003 account for 1.300 komodo dragons in Komodo island, and 1.200 Komodo dragons in Rinca. This figure is lower then surveys made in prior years, which recorded population ranging from 1.062 – 1.772 dragons in Komodo and 1.110 – 1.344 in Rinca. This recent decline in population seems to be in the young and juvenile categories. However, differences may be due to the method of survey than an actual decline in population.
For every female, there are about three males. Perhaps a small percentage of females is a natural response to keep the Komodo dragon population from growing too quickly.

3.Origins.
Komodo dragons are one of the oldest living lizards. Direct ancestors of the Komodo dragon ( Varanidae family ) lived 50 million years ago. Komodo dragons may have descended from a larger lizard from Java or from Australia ( Megalania prisca ) , which existed 30.000 years ago.
Komodo dragons could be from Asia or Australia.On theory is that dragons island – hopped from Java to Komodo. Another theory is that they swam from Australia to Timor until they reached Flores. About 18 .000 years ago the sea level was approximately 85 meters lower then it is to day. Because the shallower shelves of the island were exposed as dry land, the Komodo dragons might have been able to easily their way from Flores to Rinca and Komodo island.

4. Reproduction.
Female Komodo dragons start mating when they are seven years old and male dragons start mating when they are eight years old. The mating season of the Komodo dragons is normally from July to August although mating behaviors have been observed during have been observed during other months as well, but generally during the dry season. Female komodo dragons lay up 15 to 30 eggs at a time. The average number of eggs is about 18 per clutch per year .The female often lay their eggs in a burrow Sometimes they use the mound of the scrub fowl. Female dragons dig several false funnels so that predators can’t find the eggs easily. The Komodo dragons eggs incubate for eight to nine months, the eggs usually hatch in March or April. With it is size of Komodo dragon eggs is 8,6 cm long, with a diameter of 5,9 cm and weight of 105 grams. The eggs are about the size of swan eggs.The shells are soft and leathery.
Komodo dragons use their tongue to detect scents and smells. And also the tongue to pick up chemical particles in the air and ground, then put them in their Jacobson’s organs located on the roof of their mouth. Jacobson’s organs are a kind of “Super nose”. Dragons can detect scents up to five kilometers away. However, they can smell up to 11 km away depending on the direction of the wind.

5. Hunting and feeding.
Komodo dragons are carnivorous and not very particular about their meat .The adults mainly prey on deer and wild boar and sometimes other Komodo dragons. If they can, they will hunt buffalo, palm civets, rats, and birds. They will also eat domestic animals like dogs, chickens, and goats. Occasionally they will eat snakes, sea turtle eggs and monkeys. Komodo dragons prefer to eat animals which are already dead (carrion ). Also the dragons usually attack sleeping animals or wait in ambush.
If they can’t kill prey immediately they will try to bite the animal on the leg or on the throat. Later, they will follow and wait for the animal to weaken and die before they eat it.
Komodo dragon’s saliva is very high septic. There are over 60 types of bacteria in the dragon’s saliva and at least one of them can cause septicemia. After being bitten, they prey can take a day to a couple of weeks to die from blood – poisoning. They have small, sharp, curved teeth for grasping and ripping. A komodo dragon can eat up to 80% of its body weight at one time. For example, researchers saw a 42 kg dragon eat a 30 kg in 17 minutes. Dragons eat almost everything, leaving behind only 8 – 13% of the carcass. They can eat whenever there is opportunity. If there is no prey, they will scavenge. They can go without eating for several weeks. Dragons usually eat or kill about once a month. The droppings of the Komodo dragon are white due to the presence of uric acid. All reptiles and birds have this in their droppings as well. Also the droppings has not contains of water. The body of dragons will try to conserve water in their body instead, especially during the dry season when water is scarce. Komodo dragons need to drink water, but often. They drink a lot when it is available. They drink very little in the dry season from April to November. Dragons can get 70% of their water requirement from their prey.

6. People and Dragons.
Komodo dragons have no natural predators but deer poachers are their biggest threat. Timor deer an essential part of the dragon’s died and the prey / predator balance is critical for the Komodo dragon to survive. At least eight people are thought to have been attacked by dragons, and one tourist is thought to have been eaten by dragons in the 1970’s.The komodo dragons are not longer fed so that they can resume their natural activities. By feeding the dragons, they where relying too heavily on humans for their food. Komodo dragons are opportunistic scavengers. They come to the ranger station because of the smell of food .They are still wild animals and are not tame. Their behavior is unpredictable.
The best thing to do is to get out the way. If you run, the dragon may follow. Climbing the tree is an option if the pursuing dragons is too large to climb the tree itself. Komodo National Park requires that all visitors be accompanied by a ranger for safety reasons. The rangers have experience in dealing with dragons and carry a stick to stop the dragons from. The people of komodo island revere the Komodo dragons as a mystical ancestor and treat the dragons with respect.


lores island, the exotic place least visited by the foreigner. It is worth to visit the destination.
It has strong ethnic touch with typical tribal work of civilization, more people still influenced by the animistic beliefs. The nature settings are so beautiful, there are soaring volcanoes, colored crater lakes, forests, beautiful sea gardens with white sands beaches, and prehistoric Giant animals too.
Flores is a big, rugged remarkably beautiful island .Dominated by a string of volcanes, the long impenetrable terrain has divided the island into many distinct ethnic groups. There are interesting cultures here, with layers of traditional beliefs beneath the prevalent Christianity.

Posted in: on Selasa, 04 Desember 2007 at di 21.42